![]() ![]() Keywords: Synchronization, neurotransmitter, norepinephrine, apnea, zeitgeber, neurobiologic mechanism, suprachiasmic nucleus, inter-individual variability, psycho-physiologic, circadian rhythm, gastroesophageal, electrooculogram, electromyogram, elcectroencephalogram, polysomography Abbreviations The pharmacological treatment of sleep and circadian rhythm disorders are updated through this review article. ![]() The interaction between the cholinergic system and the noradrenergic system also may play a role in sleep. The neurotransmitter norepinephrine is involved in wakefulness and dreaming, while serotonin is active during non-dreaming sleep. Practically, young person should awaken at the same time daily to shorten the oscillators, and elderly persons should delay the onset of sleep until a set time to stretch the oscillators. Synchronization of the oscillators with the 24-hour cycle imposed by the earth’s rotation requires a routinely occurring zeitgeber (e.g., clock, light, shower, breakfast) to set the internal clock. Two peptides, δ-sleep inducing peptide and factor S appear to be involved in the biochemical regulation. Two oscillators with different period lengths control the suprachiasmic nucleus and the other occurs through neurobiologic mechanism. Thus elderly individuals commonly complain of falling asleep early in the evening and waking early in the morning. The rhythm returns to 24 hours during adulthood and accelerates with increasing age. A deceleration of the 24 cycle occurs during adolescence and is typified by difficulty falling asleep. There is a wide inter-individual variability in the amount of sleep required per night (i.e., 3 to 10 hours.) A circadian rhythm of sleep and walking is established shortly after birth and changes over the life cycle. During sleep the brain is extremely active and produces a characteristic pattern of stages, that cycle during the night. Sleep is complex psycho-physiologic phenomenon that can be documented in sleep laboratory studies. The prevalence of sleep difficulties in the general population is estimated to be 30% to 35%. Abnormalities in the normal physiology of sleep often cause a sleep complaint (e.g., difficulty falling asleep) or result in a sleep disorder (e.g., sleep apnea, narcolepsy). Although largely an enigma, sleep is an important component of human behavior and provides an emotional and physical restoration to the body. DOI: 10.15406/smdij.208Īpproximately one third of our lives are spent in sleeping. A review on pharmacological treatment of sleep and circadian rhythm disorders. ![]() Received: Decem| Published: January 4, 2019Ĭitation: Kumar A, Ashwlayan VD, Verma M, et al. Pharma, Pharmacology, Research Scholar, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology NH-58, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India Vrish Dhwaj Ashwlayan, 1 Vipin Kumar Garg, 1 Satish Kumar Gupta, 1 Avnesh Kumar, 1 Anurag Chaudhary, 1 Anjana Sharma, 1 Sameksha Koul, 1 Shobhit Kumar, 1 Anoop Kumar, 1 Garima Garg, 1 Nitin Sharma, 2 Lubhan Singh, 3 Abhinav Agrawal, 4 Sandeep Soni, 5 Harshit Sharma, 6 Hement Tyagi, 7 Firoz Khan, 8 Mansi Verma 1ġDepartment of Pharmaceutical Technology, MIET, IndiaĢDefence Research and Development Organisation, INMAS, IndiaģDepartment of Pharmacy, Kharvel Subharti College of Pharmacy, IndiaĤDepartment of Engineering, Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, IndiaĥDepartment of Pharmacy, KIET School of Pharmacy, IndiaĦScientific Analyst, Serdia Pharmaceuticals, IndiaħDepartment of Biotechnology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, IndiaĨClinical Research Coordinator, Jubilant Generics, IndiaĬorrespondence: Amrish Kumar, M. Please type the correct Captcha word to see email ID. Regret for the inconvenience: we are taking measures to prevent fraudulent form submissions by extractors and page crawlers. ![]()
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